So its not that different from see also in current usage. Footnotes in legal writing intext citation bad the legal writing community should stop using intext references. Explanatory parentheticals can pack a persuasive punch. See also is commonly used to refer readers to authorities already cited or discussed e. If your authority directly states the proposition or your cite clearly. This bluebook rule conflicts with generally accepted scholarly practice in other disciplines e.
If you encounter a situation that is not covered in this guide, make sure to check the bluebook for more detail. The signal accord comes after another citation that supports the proposition. Cross reference is a reference to information located somewhere else in the same document. This can be used after a no signal cite to a see cite to give. As a result, the full state court citation for the following case would not be.
This can be used after a no signal cite to a see cite to give additional authorities. Throughout the marriage they were residents of california, and laurance was employed by a familycontrolled corporation, see s candies, inc. University of chicago manual of legal citation, known as the maroonbook. The purpose of every parenthetical citation is to tell the reader to see a work, so the word see would almost always be redundant. Im having trouble figuring out how to accurately specify the start of the citation.
See also may be used to introduce a case supporting the. However, it is not always the case that the common reader would be able to differentiate the intention of use. Refers you to other used terms related to this one. Note that if a but see citation follows another cited source, the but see source will be construed as contradicting the previous source and not the statements in the present piece of writing. Citing an authority without any preceding word to clarify or qualify its. Its limited aim is to serve as a tutorial on how to cite the most widely referenced types of u. Is it ever appropriate to use see or see also in a. For most of that period he also served as president of its whollyowned subsidiary, see s candy shops, inc. Citation signal, reference formats which often appear in technical, scientific, and legal documents. This is used when only one source is mentioned in the text, but additional sources are being cited. Citing an authority without any preceding word to clarify or qualify its connection to the text represents that the citation directly states the proposition or identifies a quotation or authority with which the citation is associated e. This indicates that the source you are using does not directly state the proposition, but supports it. Citations in textual sentences or citation sentences.
When citing an authority that supports the proposition after other authorities that state or directly support the proposition see also use of an explanatory. Some statespecific style manuals also provide guidance on legal citation. See, on the other hand, does suggest a supporting citation. A bluebook guide for law students suffolk university. The information in this resource is based entirely on the canadian guide to uniform legal citation, 7th ed toronto. In your example where legal scholars have observed, blablabla see nameofarticle the only difference should be in style, not any kind of meaning. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. The signal accord comes after another citation that.
When the person on the other side has been served by the process server, the process server will complete a return of citation that lets the judge know how and when the person on the. If you are submitting legal documents to a state court, you may have to cite cases using state court reporters in addition to regional reporters. Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a. When you work in visual studio 2010 and write a comment on a method and click enter visual studio 2010 allows you to create see and see also xml comments. This relation can be supportive, comparative, or contradictory. Bluepage rules are sometimes different but are always based upon the normal nonbluepage rules.
So if in chapter 3 of a book, the reader is referred to appendix a for more detailed information on a. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an. Signals bluebook citation 101 practitioner format research. The most frequently used are probably no signal, e. A common use of this signal is to show that two different jurisdictions agree. Regents of the university of california, the court held. That is the clear intention on how the word see is to be used before citation, i. Authority is additional support for the proposition with which the citation is associated but less direct than that indicated by see or accord. There is a standard set of clarifying or qualifying words used with citations. Throughout the marriage they were residents of california, and laurance was employed by a familycontrolled corporation, sees candies, inc. A full citation works well in a textual sentence as well as a citation sentence. Signals of different types must be grouped in different citation sentences.
This is not a comprehensive citation reference work. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. It is not intended to be a comprehensive discussion of citation rules. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebooks white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. At asl, the primary source for rules regarding legal citation is the. A brief introduction to understanding simple legal citations. Some basics on bluebooking with a focus on maryland rules this is a quick guide to citing maryland cases and statutes, based on bluebook rules 10 and 12. Hypo is designed to support lawyers by modeling legal reasoning based on cases and hypothetical situations. Signals of the same type supportive, comparative, contradictory, background must be strung together within a single citation sentence and separated by semicolons. The chicago manual of style online is the venerable, timetested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. Full citation short citation administrative procedure act 1, 5 u. Given the many intricacies of legal citation, introductory signals are often overlooked.
See clearly supports obviously follows but not directly stated. What is the difference between cross references and secondary. Improve your reading skills with the kwl method duration. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2.
A citation also refers to the case itself, as in counsels citation of. However, it is not always the case that the common reader. The two most prominent citation manuals are the bluebook. Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. The first citation here directly supports the statement and the accord signal and second citation indicates another source that supports it. See if the text sentences proposition is not directly stated in the authority but obviously follows from it, e. I am most familiar with perl regular expressions but can understand examples from other languages as well. You can combine this with other signals such as see. Legal citations also have socalled signals introductory parts that indicate whether the cited source confirms or contradicts the opinion of the writer e. In some procedural documents, citations can be made in a citation sentence or a citation clause. Always check for local court citation rules for court documents. When writers do not signal a citation, the cited authority states the proposition, is the source of the cited quotation or identifies an authority referred to in.
Computer science argumentation, legal argumentation, citations, citation signals, hypo, artificial intelligence and law, claims, legal citations, casebased reasoning summary. Such a usage might suggest a specimens membership of the same genus or possibly of a shared higher taxon. But see is the strongest negative signal after contra. All citations must include a pin cite, unless the citation is merely providing the citation for a full case name in text or the citation is a see generally cite in which the entire source makes the point referred to in text. The bluebook says that signal phrases in footnotes or citations in text see, see also, accord, but see, compare, contra, see generally, cf. The parties were married on october 17, 1941, and they separated about may 10, 1962. In addition, when writing a memo or brief for a client, see is used.
Whereas contra indicates a direct contradiction, but see indicates a very likely contradiction. For example, ornithology, see birds means that anything about birds in this document is listed under birds in the index, not under the more scientific term of ornithology. A citation also refers to the case itself, as in counsels citation of the wong case is not in point. In the index, only birds has a page number reference. For standard legal documents, intext citations are rendered either as i a complete sentence that supports a claim in the immediately preceding sentence of text, or, ii when the citation relates to a particular part of a sentence, as a clause within the sentence, immediately following the claim it supports. See also is commonly used to refer readers to authorities already cited or. See also can be useful when you want to follow a source citation with a reference to a supplementary work. The bluepages section located at the start of the bluebook is a miniguide to court documents andor legal memoranda. For most of that period he also served as president of its whollyowned subsidiary, sees candy shops, inc. Sep 23, 20 a brief introduction to understanding simple legal citations. Basic legal citation starting points most lawyers and law students seem to think that properly citing legal materials is a nightmare. To get information and forms for service by publication and service by posting, see the giving legal notice information on. A uniform system of citation and the alwd citation manual.